Filter by

star star star star star
17 Sep, 2024 by The prince
We had an extremely great experience with Mr Fredrick G. Voigtmann. My girlfriend was having so much trouble with her ESTA and Mr. Voigtmann came in and saved the day. Not only did he help us extremely quickly with our issue, he was a very pleasant man. Very experienced and helpful. Thank you again! Definitely will contact again for future cases!
Read more Google Maps
star star star star star
12 Sep, 2024 by Issac castro
This law office has been the biggest breath of fresh air for my partner and I. I seriously do not know where we would be without them. Immigration law can be a very complex and nerve-wrecking thing. But from the moment I first talked with Fred and his team they were incredibly understanding to my situation. This review alone does not justify how helpful and amazing they have been but I hope it shines a light on how amazing they are. We are very fortunate to have people like them specializing in such a complicated profession and do it in a way that feels less stressful through thorough detail, and kindness/friendliness. One of my biggest worries when finding a law office to help us was that they would not listen to me in detail and just want the 'shortened' version of things rather than understanding the full range of the situation and what led to our nail-biting situations. Fred and Stephany carefully listened to every single thing I had to say, and I honestly felt as if they cared for my partner and I as if we were their close-family. I genuinely felt a connection with them and felt that they wanted the best for us. It's hard to explain that connection over a review, but your best bet is to find out for yourself. I highly suggest that if you are seeking for legal advice to please consider their office and find out for yourself why the office is so highly reputable. I stand by my word when I say you will not regret it one bit.
Read more Google Maps
star star star star star
10 Sep, 2024 by Lauren clayton
This entire office was a pleasure to work with! My wife and I are a queer couple and the entire office was so kind, respectful and really spent the time with us at each step. The entire process was sooo quick! Extra special shout out to Stephanie, as she put our anxieties at ease and really took care of our concerns and our case as a whole. They were quick to file, quick with email correspondence. I highly recommend this firm esp if you happen to be LGBTQ+.
Read more Google Maps
See more
star star star star star
22 Aug, 2024 by Julian guzman
Stan and Vangie were very warm and clear with their instructions and care of my case. If you trust and listen to them you’ll get well taken care of. Thanks again guys for everything.
Read more Google Maps
star star star star star
21 Aug, 2024 by Elana yaffa
Freeman & Freeman are an awesome law firm and honestly the BEST! They are super organized and assisted me every step of the way. Brett and Stan are a dream team. I cannot thank this law firm enough. If you are considering using them, do it! You’ll be super happy you did. :)
Read more Google Maps
star star star star star
23 Jul, 2024 by Kevin garcia
Best service ever. Muy muy satisfecho con Stan Freeman y Vangie. lograron todas mis expectativas como me los abian recomendado. me apoyaron y explicaron en cada paso del proceso. lograron mi máxima compensación. muy honestos y justos. los recomendaré a familia y amigos. gracias por su ayuda y profesionalismo.
Read more Google Maps
See more
star star star star star
09 Jun, 2015 by Anonymous
I had a horrible situation where the apartment manager of my complex used his financial means to coerce someone into committing perjury and submitting a false declaration against me to get a restraining order to kick me out of my building. The apt. mgr had hired a federal prosecutor and was out to ruin my life, but Fadi and his team would not back down and we ended up settling outside of court. Fadi cares about his clients and not only is he a shrewd lawyer, but he's also a good man and I will be forever grateful. I always refer him.
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
25 Oct, 2012 by Majed
If you really want a direct, personal, and honest experience with a lawyer, Fadi Amer is the man to go to. I had complications with my insurance claim after I had gotten into a car accident. I ended up trying a few different attorneys before I ended up with Mr. Amer. From the very beginning, I was warmly welcomed to the firm (with lots of smiles and care), and was able to see Mr. Amer, not too long after my arrival. He had already looked into my case, and immediately started to go over it with me detail by detail, explaining everything along the way. In all honesty, what made him stand out was how upfront he was with the situation and at the same time I can really see that he is a caring person. Despite Mr. Amer's professionalism, he still made me feel very comfortable to the point where I felt as if I have known him for years. Also, what I really liked was the fact that he followed up with case almost immediately and constantly, making sure that all my questions were answered. Plus his first consultation is super cheap. Give him a call, I guarantee you that you find a lawyer that will be as helpful, professional, and caring as him.
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
05 Sep, 2011 by Sandra
I was involved in a very serious car accident which left me severly injured and left with a limp. I want and saw 3 other personal injury attorneys and just hated how pushy and salesmen like they were. Fadi was 180 degrees different and actually encouraged me to see other attorneys. Everything about my experience with Law22 was excellent, and the overall result of my case was more than I expected. As soonas Fadi took over my case I felt instantly relieved and I knew that they were going to take care of me. I highly recommend Mr. Amer!
Read more Avvo
See more
star star star star star
23 May, 2014 by Sunil
She is extremely helpful, up to date and keeps you well informed on each steps. Very resonable fees. There is no way you can compare her services with other lawyers I hired before, her service is simply the best! Highly recommended !
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
09 Sep, 2013 by Nadene
I have found Marlene to be fantastic over the years I have used her as my Immigration Attorney. I have no hesitation in recommending her.
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
02 Sep, 2013 by Susan & stephen
CHARACTERISTICS: honest; trustworthy; human; integrity; resilience; fair; highly qualified, trained & skilled; professional; dillegent; prompt; extremely knowleagable; patient; very polite; treats everyone with the utmost respect; she has an exceptional ability to explain everything in laymans term so that anyone can understand the law; she has a passion for immigration law; she goes the distance for her clients; she works extremely hard for her clients; she keeps you informed and completely up to date all the time; no other immigration lawyer does what she will do for you her humanity is her biggest asset as she cares more for her clients than I have ever experienced from any other immigration lawyer or any person for that matter; A. How did we hire her? 1. God lead us to her: we reseached and found her contact on registered Southern California Immigration Lawyer Association website; we did not read any reviews; we followed our intuition and trusted that God has chosen her to save us out of a very desperate situation; 2. we were treated inhumanly by all the lawyers we contacted before her, our situation was very critical and the other lawyers (a) did not want to properly assess our situation (b) all they wanted from the beginning was exorbitant fees and did not look like they cared at all (c) what was very ironic is that our case was actually a corporate immigration case and if they were willing to attend to us and give us free consultation then it would have lead to a contract where the employer would have paid them (d) fortunately for us that they did not take on our case because they would have messed up and so they missed out on a very valuable opportunity to represent us and do what is right but so all we have learnt is that there is a lot of very bad immigration lawyers out there (e) THANK GOD for Marlene Hemmings she will first determine if there is any merit for your case, she will first for free do an indepth study, analysis, research to determine if it can be resolved and if not she will honestly tell you if she can take on your case or not, so she will not waste your time or money C. WHAT DID SHE DO FOR US: 1. She saved our lives because she immediately realized what our problem was it was circumstances beyond our control that ultimately and unfairly would have destroyed us 2. We did everything honestly and right our whole lives, we are very good human beings and global citizens and Marlene saw immediately how unfair we were treated 3. if it was not for her immediate and dilligent action we would not have any life today Marlene responded so quickly and knew exactly what to do to remedy our problem 4. she helped us by simplifying the whole process so that it was easy (a) to give her only the much needed information and documents, so that no time goes wasted (b) she completed all forms very fast, neat and complete because we had little time (c) she mailed it to us we signed and sent it back and she filed it in a record time (d) she followed up with us constantly & periodically keeing us calm & nutured us through process (e) she is very resillient and anticipate things in advance, so that at all times we know everything D. WHY HIRE HER ? She cares beyond the normal scope of her profession; she does everything with the greatest passion / love; she gives you and your unique situation/ case the most personal attention you will ever get and if she can not find an answer or resolve your case then nobody can You do not have to do any research, you do not have to think anymore, do not hesitate, call her immediately, write an e-mail BE QUICK
Read more Avvo
See more
star star star star star
01 Mar, 2019 by Dana johnstone
Fred Voigtmann reviewed my case, obtain all relevant facts, researched and won my case. He explained everything he would do to obtain a positive outcome but also what step he would take if the outcome was not favorable. He crosses his T's and dots his I's. He left nothing to chance and had more than one backup strategies. He did not go to court with one and only option. He is very knowledgeable on the issue on immigration law and will fight for you. I will always be grateful and thankful that I had such a compassionate lawyer to go to fight for me.
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
08 Oct, 2012 by Hanny michael
Working with Fred was a great experience. From our first discussions until the completion of my E2 visa, I found him helpful and professional. I spent time meeting with more than three other attorneys I found him having extensive knowledge and was very timely responsive to my inquires even when we got the RFE, it was very accurately and professionally prepared. Thanks Fred.
Read more Avvo
See more
star star star star star
07 Sep, 2024 by Karin williams
I was referred to Spencer and Associates from a friend of mine and I want to say first to my friend thank you. Next I want to say thank you to Spencer and Associates. You were extremely professional and fast in handling my case. I was treated with the upmost kindness and care. All of my needs as well as my questions were taken care of. In addition all of the paperwork was done electronically so I never had to deal with the hassle of traveling down to an office. I will definitely refer Spencer and Associates to all my friend as well as let them handle any future cases that I may have. If I could give you 10 stars I would. Richard and your team you are the best. Thanks again Sincerely, Karin Williams
Read more Google Maps
star star star star star
09 Aug, 2024 by Terri edmonds
Spencer is the best lawyer I have had the pleasure of dealing with. I was honestly stuck and had no idea what to do until he stepped in and helped me out. I’m so grateful for him he has helped my family out as well. He will definitely be my go to for any injury issues
Read more Google Maps
star star star star star
08 Aug, 2024 by Claudia herrera
This firm is very helpful when handling hard insurance companies and works for their clients. Highly recommend it!!!
Read more Google Maps
See more
star star star star star
13 Feb, 2024 by Fi g
Meeting with Richard was a very refreshing experience, particularly after consulting with several lawyers who offered confusing and contradictory advice. Richard's approach was a welcome change; he was not only kind and thorough but also exceptionally clear in his communication. He articulated our options perfectly, providing clarity and understanding. Richard truly stood out as very clear, compassionate, professional, and helpful.
Read more Google Maps
star star star star star
19 Dec, 2023 by Ali karimov
Mr.Tasoff helped me thru my citizenship process and I can say I couldn’t have gotten better help. He responds quickly to calls and explains very thoroughly and even when his not in the office his receptionist is always helpful and responsive. Couldn’t recommend his services enough.
Read more Google Maps
star star star star star
08 Nov, 2023 by Nazifa w
My brother, David called the office and received great advice from Richard quickly! They took their time to explain everything with the best directions for him to follow. Very honest, professional, knowledgeable. Very hard to find an attorney with such qualities. Thank you so much, From David A.
Read more Google Maps
See more
star star star star star
28 Aug, 2024 by Danila
Edith Nazarian is an exceptional immigration attorney who provided outstanding service throughout my case. She was incredibly knowledgeable, very detailed, and truly cared about my case. She explained everything clearly, was always available to help, and worked hard to get the best result. I highly recommend her to anyone who needs help with immigration issues.
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
19 Aug, 2024 by Vazgen
Edith Nazarian is by far the best immigration lawyer I’ve ever met. I’ve been fighting my case since 2012, and it was extremely complicated—so much so that other lawyers either turned me down or said it was impossible to get permanent residency. Many asked for exorbitant fees or simply wouldn’t take my case. Edith, however, is incredibly kind, passionate, and genuinely dedicated to her work. Despite the odds, she won my case and secured permanent residency for me and my family. We will always be grateful for her remarkable support and expertise.
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
01 Jul, 2024 by Georgia
I work as a psychotherapist, and I’ve provided evaluations for a number of Ms. Nazarian’s cases. I am consistently impressed by her knowledge and dedication to her clients. She goes above and beyond and treats others with so much warmth and respect. I am truly inspired by Ms. Nazarian and the support and expertise she brings to her clients.
Read more Avvo
See more
star star star star star
11 Jan, 2021 by Pablo friz
Grace is amazing lawyer and tremendous human being... she help me with my child support situation and she guide me thru the all process. Thanks!!!!!
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
24 May, 2017 by Myriam
Grace White helped me when I needed somebody to solve my problem, she was very professional and very thorough. Thank you for all your help Grace
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
15 May, 2017 by Vanessa
Grace helped me through a few difficult challenges of my life. I was totally disheartened and depressed with the way things were going, until I was highly recommended to her office, She immediately was able to meet with me and resolve an automobile accident that I had been involved in. She was on it. A while passed by and then I needed legal help, I remembered her professionalism and gave her a call to consult a different type of case. She once again was available to meet with me in person and the ball began to roll soon after on case #2 family law this time. Her staff is very on point also, answering any questions and concerns. Grace returns calls & emails very promptly, and also tries to get a face to face meeting in a professional time frame. Grace is currently working on another case for me #3 so far so good, she keeps everything very positive. She’s definitely a pleasure to work with.
Read more Avvo
See more
star star star star star
20 May, 2019 by Maryam
If you are looking for a lawyer for international work, visas, etc., please look no further. Dr. Khosro Eslami is the best lawyer for the job. His work is very fast, for instance, for the immigration paperwork I needed submitted, he did it right away. He is not one to think about money, he cares about his customers and he wants to improve their lives! Under the current times, immigration, visas, and so forth, have been tougher to obtain. However, Dr. Khosro Eslami has put all his effort into helping me make this process quicker. Any time a friend asks me who I should recommend as a lawyer regarding immigration, visas, etc., I tell them that they must go to Dr. Khosro Eslami. He treats you like family which is very comforting. He does not give up easily, and will do whatever he can to help propel your case forward. If I could give him more stars I would. Please consider Dr. Khosro Eslami as your lawyer for international work such as immigration or visas. He is very professional, knowledgeable, determined and hardworking.
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
29 Mar, 2018 by Anonymous
He was very good I got the result fast and as he promised he did it I am very happy with his work and i refereed many of my family members to him everyone is very happy with Mr Eslami and his staff thank you .
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
16 Feb, 2017 by Anonymous
I hired this lawyer for my brother. We did not get any professional consultation and all he just liked to talk about was his memories. He filed the application with so many errors that I wished I had done it myself. In immigration office was not helpful at all. I think if I was applying myself, the case had much more chance to win.
Read more Avvo
See more
star star star star star
20 Aug, 2024 by Clara r
Google Maps
star star star star star
05 Jul, 2024 by Katie m
I cannot speak highly enough about the incredible team at the Law Offices of Todd M. Friedman. From the very beginning, they exhibited the utmost kindness, compassion, and friendliness, making what could have been a daunting process feel manageable and supportive. Their trustworthiness was evident throughout, always keeping me informed and ensuring my best interests were at the forefront. The settlement I received was beyond my expectations, and though the process took some time, their diligence and persistence truly paid off. They got the job done, and I am more than pleased with the outcome. I would highly recommend the Law Offices of Todd M. Friedman to anyone in need of legal assistance. Their dedication and commitment to their clients are unparalleled. Thank you, Todd and Meghan for your outstanding service!
Read more Google Maps
star star star star star
28 Jun, 2024 by Diamond st. hillaire
This is the best firm ever, he even waived all my attorney fees when the settlement didn’t go as planned.
Read more Google Maps
See more
star star star star star
12 Apr, 2021 by Anonymous
A person does not have complete information, both professionally and in terms of the political situation of the country from which the potential client came. But then there is a certain familiarity in communication and the imposition of their own vision of the situation. This is due to the fact that a person who even receives a license in the United States and receives all the benefits of this country does not integrate into this country. And he continues to have some civilizational delusions. There is general information gleaned from the TV. In this sense, entrusting my case is risky. I do not recommend it. This is my subjective judgment.
Read more Avvo
star star star star star
01 Feb, 2013 by Birgitt
About 5 years ago, I had to file for asylum. My case was very unusual and very difficult to proof ! I was recommended to Sergei. He started the initial preparation for my case. His legal work and strategy is excellent. I was granted asylum a few years later and my life has completely changed. I would recommended Sergei to anyone who needs help with any immigration matter. He is right on target and fights for your legal rights. Very trustworthy and caring !He is a blessing to have in the legal community Birgitt
Read more Avvo
See more
star star star star star
13 Apr, 2024 by Anonymous
NO HAGAN NEGOCIO CON ESTAS PERSONAS SOLL ENGAÑAN. MW TUVIEROB 1 AÑO ENGAÑADL NUNCA HICIERON NADA
Read more Avvo
See more
Discover the ideal lawyer
You can search a lawyer by practice area, lawyer name, city, state, or ZIP code
FAQs
Questions? We have answers

What an Immigration Lawyer Can Do for You

An immigration lawyer specializes in helping individuals, families, and businesses navigate the complex immigration process. These lawyers provide legal guidance on various immigration matters, such as obtaining visas, gaining permanent residency (green cards), applying for citizenship, and defending clients in deportation or removal proceedings. Immigration lawyers also assist with employment-based immigration, asylum applications, and resolving issues related to visas or immigration status.

Whether you're trying to immigrate to the U.S., facing deportation, or sponsoring an employee or family member for a visa, an immigration lawyer can help you understand your legal options and navigate the often complicated legal system.

When Should I Hire an Immigration Lawyer?

Hiring an immigration lawyer is beneficial in many situations where you are dealing with U.S. immigration laws, whether for personal or business reasons. Common reasons to hire an immigration lawyer include:

  • Visa applications: If you need assistance applying for a visa, whether it's a work visa (H-1B), student visa (F-1), or tourist visa (B-1/B-2), a lawyer can help ensure the application is properly completed and submitted.
  • Green card applications: If you're seeking permanent residency, an immigration lawyer can guide you through the process, whether through family sponsorship, employment, or the Diversity Visa (lottery) program.
  • Deportation or removal defense: If you’re facing deportation or removal from the U.S., a lawyer can defend your case in immigration court and seek to prevent removal.
  • Asylum applications: If you’re seeking asylum due to persecution or fear of persecution in your home country, a lawyer can help you prepare a strong case and file for asylum.
  • Family reunification: If you're a U.S. citizen or permanent resident looking to bring family members to the U.S., a lawyer can assist with the family sponsorship process.
  • Citizenship and naturalization: If you're ready to apply for U.S. citizenship, a lawyer can help you navigate the naturalization process and ensure you meet all the requirements.
  • Business immigration: If you're an employer seeking to hire foreign workers, a lawyer can assist with employment-based visas, labor certification, and compliance with immigration regulations.
  • Special immigration categories: Immigration lawyers also handle complex cases, such as visas for victims of human trafficking (T visa), crime victims (U visa), or those seeking Temporary Protected Status (TPS).

Hiring an immigration lawyer early in the process can help you avoid delays, errors, and possible denials due to incomplete or incorrect applications.

What Does an Immigration Lawyer Do?

An immigration lawyer provides a wide range of services to help clients with their immigration needs, whether personal or business-related. Their tasks often include:

  • Assisting with visa applications: Helping clients fill out and submit visa applications, ensuring all documentation is complete and accurate.
  • Filing for green cards and permanent residency: Guiding clients through the process of applying for a green card, including family-based, employment-based, or other forms of residency.
  • Defending against deportation or removal: Representing clients in immigration court who are facing deportation and working to prevent removal from the U.S.
  • Preparing asylum cases: Assisting clients in applying for asylum based on fear of persecution in their home country due to race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group.
  • Handling citizenship applications: Helping lawful permanent residents apply for naturalization and ensuring they meet all the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship.
  • Employment-based immigration: Assisting employers with the process of sponsoring foreign workers for temporary or permanent visas, including H-1B, L-1, and EB-1 through EB-5 visas.
  • Representation in immigration interviews: Preparing clients for immigration interviews and attending interviews at U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) offices.
  • Appealing denied applications: If a visa, green card, or citizenship application is denied, a lawyer can file appeals or motions to reopen or reconsider the case.

How Are Immigration Lawyers Paid?

Immigration lawyers generally charge for their services based on the type of immigration case and the complexity of the legal work involved. Common payment structures include:

  • Flat fee: Many immigration lawyers charge a flat fee for specific services, such as preparing a visa application, green card petition, or citizenship application. Flat fees help clients know upfront what the legal costs will be for a particular service.
  • Hourly rate: For more complex cases, such as deportation defense or appeals, some lawyers charge by the hour. Hourly rates vary depending on the lawyer's experience and the complexity of the case.
  • Retainer: For ongoing immigration matters, some clients may need to pay a retainer, which is an upfront payment billed against as the lawyer works on the case.
  • Pro bono or sliding scale: Some immigration lawyers or nonprofit organizations may offer free or low-cost services for clients with limited financial means, particularly in asylum or humanitarian cases.

It’s essential to discuss the fee structure with your lawyer during the initial consultation to understand the costs and payment arrangements.

How Much Does an Immigration Lawyer Cost?

The cost of hiring an immigration lawyer varies based on the type of legal service required, the lawyer's experience, and the complexity of the case. General cost estimates include:

  • Visa applications: For help with visa applications (e.g., H-1B, L-1, F-1), legal fees may range from $2,000 to $7,500, depending on the complexity and the type of visa.
  • Green card applications: Fees for family-based or employment-based green card applications typically range from $3,000 to $10,000, depending on the case.
  • Deportation defense: For defending clients in removal proceedings, costs can range from $5,000 to $15,000 or more, depending on the complexity of the case and how long the case takes.
  • Asylum cases: Asylum applications may range from $2,000 to $10,000, depending on whether the case is defensive (in removal proceedings) or affirmative (not in removal proceedings).
  • Citizenship applications: Legal fees for filing a naturalization application usually range from $1,500 to $5,000, depending on the complexity of the client’s immigration history.
  • Business immigration services: Fees for assisting businesses with employment-based visas (such as H-1B or EB-5 visas) often range from $3,000 to $10,000 or more.

Always ask for a clear breakdown of costs and fee arrangements before proceeding with legal services.

Top Questions to Ask an Immigration Lawyer

Before hiring an immigration lawyer, it's essential to ask questions to ensure they have the experience and expertise to handle your case effectively. Important questions to ask include:

  1. What experience do you have with immigration cases like mine?
    Ensure the lawyer has experience handling cases similar to yours, whether it’s family-based immigration, employment visas, or asylum.
  2. How do you charge for your services?
    Clarify whether the lawyer charges a flat fee, hourly rate, or retainer, and ask for a detailed estimate of the total cost.
  3. What is the likelihood of success in my case?
    Ask for an honest assessment of your case and the potential outcomes, including any challenges you might face.
  4. How long will the process take?
    Immigration cases can take time, so ask how long it may take to process your application or resolve your legal issue.
  5. Will you handle my case personally?
    In larger firms, junior attorneys or paralegals may handle parts of your case. Make sure you know who will be working on your case directly.
  6. What documents do I need to provide?
    Ask the lawyer about the documentation required to support your case, such as birth certificates, marriage certificates, or employment contracts.

How to Check the Credibility of an Immigration Lawyer

To ensure you are hiring a reputable immigration lawyer, take the following steps to verify their credentials and track record:

  • Check their state bar status: Confirm with your state bar association that the lawyer is licensed to practice and has no disciplinary actions against them.
  • Look for specific immigration law experience: Review the lawyer’s website or professional profile to ensure they specialize in immigration law and have experience handling cases like yours.
  • Read client reviews and testimonials: Look for reviews on platforms like Avvo, Martindale-Hubbell, or Google to see what previous clients have said about the lawyer’s professionalism and success rate.
  • Ask for references: A credible lawyer should be willing to provide references from past clients who can speak to their ability to handle immigration cases.
  • Check for industry affiliations: Membership in organizations like the American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA) can indicate the lawyer’s expertise and commitment to immigration law.

What Should I Prepare for My First Consultation?

To make the most out of your first consultation with an immigration lawyer, it’s important to come prepared with relevant documents and information. Here’s what you should bring:

  • Passport and immigration documents: Bring your passport, visa, and any documents related to your current immigration status.
  • Family documents: If you're applying for a family-based visa or green card, bring marriage certificates, birth certificates, and proof of family relationships.
  • Employment information: For employment-based visas, provide your employment contract, offer letter, or other documentation of your job.
  • Criminal records (if applicable): If you have any criminal history, bring copies of court records and other relevant documents.
  • Timeline of events: Provide a clear timeline of any prior immigration applications, visas, or issues with immigration authorities.
  • List of questions: Prepare any questions you have about your immigration case, the process, costs, and the likelihood of success.

By preparing thoroughly for your consultation, you can help the lawyer understand your case more effectively and get the best possible legal advice on how to proceed.